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Packaging

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Non-destructive tests were used, including research with magnification, which provided conclusive results about the manufacturing process of the material in question, which proved to be handmade from brass alloy leaves.	Bruce 2024-12-1	017	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:26
A resulting diagram is provided picturing different paper processing steps in eight stages various metal leaves and finishing.	Bruce 2024-12-1	019	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:26
In order to establish its manufacturing process, analysis of metallic paper and literature research has been conducted mainly based on a publication made by F.W. Exner in 1869.	Bruce 2024-12-1	027	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:26
Gold paper is one variation of metallic paper, which was used as covermaterial for eighteenth century pamphlet bindings in Augsburg, Germany.	Bruce 2024-12-1	021	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:26
Metallized paper is produced by coating paper with a thin layer of vaporized aluminum, giving it a finish that adds decorative and protective properties to the paper substrate	Bruce 2024-12-1	019	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:25
Higher solids in the concentrated black liquor increases the energy and chemical efficiency of the recovery cycle, but also gives higher viscosity and precipitation of solids (plugging and fouling of equipment)	Bruce 2024-12-1	027	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:25
Removal of the soap improves the evaporation operation of the later effects.	Bruce 2024-12-1	024	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:25
At this concentration the rosin soap rises to the surface and is skimmed off.	Bruce 2024-12-1	021	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:24
After the first step the black liquor has about 20�C30% solids.	Bruce 2024-12-1	023	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:24
The excess black liquor contains about 15% solids and is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator.	Bruce 2024-12-1	021	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:24
One of the main chemical reactions that underpin the kraft process is the scission of ether bonds by the nucleophilic sulfide (S2?) or bisulfide (HS?) ions	Bruce 2024-12-1	025	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:24
The combined liquids, known as black liquor (because of its color), contain lignin fragments, carbohydrates from the breakdown of hemicellulose, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and other inorganic salts.	Bruce 2024-12-1	065	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:23
At this point the pulp is known as brown stock because of its color.	Bruce 2024-12-1	020	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:23
The solid pulp (about 50% by weight of the dry wood chips) is collected and washed.	Bruce 2024-12-1	021	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:23
Under digesting conditions, lignin and hemicellulose degrade to give fragments that are soluble in the strongly basic liquid.	Bruce 2024-12-1	023	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:23
Typically, delignification requires around two hours at 170 to 176 ��C (338 to 349 ��F).	Bruce 2024-12-1	018	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:23
Digesters producing 1,000 tonnes or more of pulp per day are common, with the largest producing more than 3,500 tonnes per day.	Bruce 2024-12-1	026	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:22
Some digesters operate in a batch manner and some in a continuous process.	Bruce 2024-12-1	022	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:22
The wood chips are then cooked in pressurized digesters.	Bruce 2024-12-1	029	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:22
About 40�C60% of all alkali consumption, in the continuous process, occurs in the impregnation zone.	Bruce 2024-12-1	031	Bruce 2024-12-1 09:22

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